Hematuria refers to the presence of blood in the urine. It can be either visible (where the urine appears red or brown) or invisible (detected only through a urine test). Hematuria can be caused by a variety of reasons, such as urinary tract infections, bladder or kidney stones, prostate problems, and

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Interstitial cystitis, also known as painful bladder syndrome, is a chronic condition that causes bladder pain, pressure, and frequent urination. The exact cause of interstitial cystitis is unknown, but it is thought to be related to a problem with the bladder lining, the immune system, or the nervous

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Kidney stones are hard, pebble-like deposits that form inside the kidneys when certain substances in urine become too concentrated. They can cause severe pain and discomfort as they move through the urinary tract. They are commonly made of calcium oxalate, but can also be composed of other substances

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Neurogenic bladder is a type of bladder dysfunction that occurs when there is damage to the nervous system, resulting in difficulties in starting and stopping the urinary stream, holding or releasing urine, and maintaining bladder control. This condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including

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Nocturia is a condition in which a person wakes up frequently during the night to urinate. The cause of nocturia can be due to various factors, such as age, underlying medical conditions such as diabetes, heart failure, and prostate problems, as well as lifestyle factors such as fluid intake before bedtime.

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